Therefore, the designed scaffold could act as endomysium to enable the infiltration of muscle fibers into the channels. Skeletal muscle is a hierarchical organization where the muscle fibers are encapsulated in microchannels known as endomysium. “I believe that the designed scaffold can have multiple applications with tubular structures such as muscle, tendon, and nerve,” said Kim. Furthermore, controlling the mechanical properties of the scaffold would enable versatile applications of the microchanneled collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold. Here, we propose a numerical approach to convert the discrete geometry of filament bilayers, associated with print paths of inks with given material properties, into continuous plates with inhomogeneous growth patterns and thicknesses. Going forward, the researchers will investigate enhancing the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Consequently, the in vivo studies have suggested excellent infiltration of cells into microchannels. In the case of the microchanneled collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold, the researchers noted significantly higher water-absorbing capability, compared to a conventional collagen scaffold, as a result of the capillary pressure supplied by the microchannels. They followed that by one-way shape morphing (4D printing) and coating processes.Ĭollagen is known as a hydrophilic material, and numerous in vivo studies have suggested it possesses excellent cellular activities. The researchers printed immiscible polymer blends that act as a double negative template in order to fabricate the the biomimetic collagen/hydroxyapatite hierarchical scaffold. “This was achieved through a 4D printing strategy, where one-way shape morphing is used.” “Since the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold is a challenging issue, the innovation of this study lies in adding extra hierarchy to the structure in the form of microchannels,” said author Geun Hyung Kim. The microchannels have induced growth of blood vessels in a mouse model. The team designed a microchannel scaffold made of a collagen and hydroxyapitite combination, with each strut consisting of micrometer-scaled microchannels. In Applied Physics Reviews, from AIP Publishing, researchers from Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea present a solution to address the challenge of fabrication of a biomimetic scaffold. Many researchers have consequently focused on trying to create a biomimetic scaffold that induces vascularization to enable bone tissue regeneration and spinal fusion. While autogenous bone grafts have long been considered the reference standard for spinal fusion, painful pseudoarthrosis remains a leading cause of poor clinical outcomes. A schematic showing the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of the fabrication of mineralized, microchanneled collagen scaffold. Surface, cross-sectional optical/SEM images showing the uniaxially aligned surface patterns and microchannels within the struts of the fabricated collagen scaffolds. In the past two decades, there has been marked increase in the number of people over 65 years in age who have needed spinal fusion surgery. WASHINGTON, Spinal fusion is frequently performed to restore spinal stability in patients with spinal diseases, such as spinal stenosis, vertebral fractures, progressive deformities, and instability. Shape-morphing systems can be found in many areas, including smart textiles, autonomous robotics, biomedical devices, drug delivery and tissue engineering. When combined with a minimal theoretical framework that allows us to solve the inverse problem of designing the alignment patterns for prescribed target shapes, we can programmably fabricate plant-inspired architectures that change shape on immersion in water, yielding complex three-dimensional morphologies.From the Journal: Applied Physics Reviews Inspired by these botanical systems, we printed composite hydrogel architectures that are encoded with localized, anisotropic swelling behaviour controlled by the alignment of cellulose fibrils along prescribed four-dimensional printing pathways. The natural analogues of such systems are exemplified by nastic plant motions, where a variety of organs such as tendrils, bracts, leaves and flowers respond to environmental stimuli (such as humidity, light or touch) by varying internal turgor, which leads to dynamic conformations governed by the tissue composition and microstructural anisotropy of cell walls. Shape-morphing systems can be found in many areas, including smart textiles, autonomous robotics, biomedical devices, drug delivery and tissue engineering. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart materials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future.
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